Ways to Make Money Writing Term Papers

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Research Paper Marketing Topics

Research Paper Marketing TopicsThe first step of getting a good online reputation for your website is to write up a decent research paper, research topic, or dissertation on one of the popular research papers. The majority of people nowadays rely on search engines to find what they want. Research papers are very important in this regard. The research paper, as the name suggests, is a research paper written on a particular topic and submitted to some journal, where it will be scrutinized by other researchers.A typical research paper marketing topic is to write about a specific topic. It can either be a research on a country, a large industry, a niche, or a particular theme. If you are aiming to be published, it is better to take up the assignment that is assigned to you in order to get it reviewed by other research scientists.When writing a research paper marketing topics, you should also consider how and where you plan to publish your paper. You should know that the research paper ma rketing topics are submitted in journals, mostly those that are categorized as professional journals. These journals specialize in a particular topic or have a specific focus, so they will be more likely to accept and publish your research. A typical website on which these research papers are published would be Resnick's book, which is one of the most visited websites of professional journals. A good way to get an idea about the current marketing topics for a particular journal is to check the Resnick's Book website, and then go through the list of all the different research papers published by that journal.There are actually a lot of different topics for you to choose from. You can search through different kinds of journals available online. You may be surprised at how many things are already available online for free. You can also check the internet to find journals that will be able to accept your papers for publication.Some marketing topics are extremely important, such as food and drugs. Most medical journals will allow submissions on these topics. There are some online websites for companies, which are specialized in providing pharmaceuticals to various countries, which do not accept their drugs in certain countries because of drug regulations, or the drug authorities refuse to distribute them.Another article marketing topics would be a high quality market study. Market studies are good for keeping an eye on and checking a country's food habits. They can also monitor a country's health products and make a comparison between different products. Many academic websites will offer marketing topics, so it is easier to get your article published than in a traditional way.There are also marketing topics for an individual, such as a diet plan. There are several sites, which can offer reviews about various diets and information on diet plans. Marketing topics for an individual can include exercise tips and tricks, gardening tips, health and fitness tips, and othe r health topics.Of course, there are marketing topics for businesses, like product reviews and advertising tips. For business, marketing topics may include marketing schemes and methods, sales and marketing strategies, and how to get a higher position in your business in terms of profits. It is also possible to get tips on selling products and services. The key in writing a research paper marketing topics is to get something out of the way and get it published so that you will be able to make money.

What Students Can Learn From Reflective Essay Samples on Movies

What Students Can Learn From Reflective Essay Samples on MoviesOne of the ways to make a big impression at college or any institution of higher learning is to have a solid writing style that's presentable and relevant, not to mention easy to comprehend and write. However, many students often find themselves ill-equipped for writing essays and thus must do what they can to obtain as much quality reflection essay samples on movies as possible.For this, students can go to websites like EzineArticles.com where they will find a wide variety of essays that are available in order to get from one to another. There, one can find a complete list of words that comprise the materials one will need in order to create their essays. Moreover, there are plenty of other related resources to help students by providing materials such as word banks, definition examples, full essay guides, sample essays, quizzes, quizzes with games and a lot more.In addition, one can also use these websites in order to p repare material that they would need during a one-on-one discussion session with their professor. At this point, there is a possibility that a student might fail because they are unsure of how to proceed. There, the writing tools mentioned above would come in handy so that a student would be able to get through such situations with relative ease.Another important aspect is the structure of the essay itself. It should be structured correctly for it to be compelling and easy to comprehend. One can ask for writing samples on movies to help in this regard because all you have to do is to format the essay in a way that would allow the professor to easily read it.In addition, there are some certain steps that need to be taken to ensure that one will be able to do better and get the best results from the essay samples. This is why these websites are great because students can not only get good resources but also conduct effective brainstorming sessions to come up with a great essay that wi ll impress the professor.The idea here is to come up with an essay that is lively and appealing enough to meet the expectations of the instructor. One needs to keep in mind that writing an essay is not the same as writing a book because you don't need to produce the same volume of content as you do with the latter.In fact, for students who are good at writing but know nothing about getting good material, getting a grip of the different kinds of resources that are readily available on the Internet can be one of the best decisions they make. By having this perspective, one can avoid making poor choices and in addition can achieve a perfect reflection essay sample on movies.

American Revolutionary War Free Essays

The United States is the world’s largest economy; it is also one of the world’s best forms of a presidential democracy. The United States declared its independence in 1776 and defeated Great Britain with help from France in the American Revolutionary War. As Seymour Martin Lipset points out, â€Å"The United States was the first major colony successfully to revolt against colonial rule. We will write a custom essay sample on American Revolutionary War or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this sense, it was the first ‘new nation. ‘† (Lipset, The First New Nation (1979) p. 2) On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress, still meeting in Philadelphia, declared the independence of a nation called â€Å"the United States of America† in the Declaration of Independence, primarily authored by Thomas Jefferson. July 4 is celebrated as the nation’s birthday. The new nation was dedicated to principles of republicanism, which emphasized civic duty and a fear of corruption and hereditary aristocracy. Politics of the United States takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of the United States is head of state, head of government, and of a two-party legislative and electoral system. The federal government shares sovereignty with the state governments, with the Supreme Court balancing the rights of each. The United States federal government is comprised of three main branches (the executive branch, legislature and the judiciary). The executive branch: Executive power is exercised by the executive branch, which is headed by the President and is independent of the legislature. The Executive branch consists of the President of the United States and his delegates. The President is the head of state and head of government, as well as the military commander-in-chief and chief diplomat. The President, according to the Constitution, must â€Å"take care that the laws be faithfully executed. † The President may sign or veto legislation passed by Congress. He may be impeached by a majority in the House and removed from office by a two-thirds majority in the Senate for â€Å"treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. † The removal of the President has happened nine times in U. S history. Bill Clinton was the last president to be impeached after the Monica Lewinsky scandal. He was impeached on December 19, 1998 by the House of Representatives on grounds of perjury to a grand jury (by a 228–206 vote) and obstruction of justice (by a 221–212 vote). Two other articles of impeachment failed—a second count of perjury in the Jones case (by a 205–229 vote), and one accusing President Clinton of abuse of power (by a 148–285 vote). He was acquitted by the Senate The President may not dissolve Congress or call special elections, but does have the power to pardon criminals convicted of offenses against the federal government, enact executive orders, and (with the consent of the Senate) appoint Supreme Court justices and federal judges. The two main functions of the executive in many governments are: To collect taxes and customs duties and to use the money to pay the salaries of government employees and other government expenditure; To provide the internal and external security of the state. This is mainly done by maintaining a police force and armed forces. Legislature: The congress is the legislative arm of the government. Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of Congress, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The congress is bicameral, comprised of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representatives consists of 435 members, each of whom represents a congressional district and serves for a two-year term. House seats are apportioned among the states by population; in contrast, each state has two Senators, regardless of population. There are a total of 100 senators (as there are currently 50 states), who serve six-year terms (one third of the Senate stands for election every two years). Each congressional chamber (House or Senate) has particular exclusive powers—the Senate must give â€Å"advice and consent† to many important Presidential appointments, and the House must introduce any bills for the purpose of raising revenue. However, the consent of both chambers is required to make any law. The powers of Congress are limited to those enumerated in the Constitution; all other powers are reserved to the states and the people. The Congress has the responsibility to monitor and influence aspects of the executive branch. Congressional oversight prevents waste and fraud, protects civil liberties and individual rights, ensures executive compliance with the law, gathers information for making laws and educating the public, and evaluates executive performance. It applies to cabinet departments, executive agencies, regulatory commissions, and the presidency. Congress’s oversight function takes many forms including: Committee inquiries and hearings Formal consultations with and reports from the President Senate advice and consent for presidential nominations and for treaties House impeachment proceedings and subsequent Senate trials House and Senate proceedings under the 25th Amendment in the event that the President becomes disabled or the office of the Vice President fall vacant Informal meetings between legislators and executive officials Congressional membership on governmental commissions Studies by congressional committees and support agencies such as the Congressional Budget Office, and the Government Accountability Office, both of which are arms of Congress Powers of Congress: The Constitution grants numerous powers to Congress. These include the powers: to levy and collect taxes in order to pay debts, provide for common defense and general welfare of the U. S. ; to borrow money on the credit of the U. S. ; to regulate commerce with other nations and between the states; to establish a uniform rule of naturalization; to coin money and regulate its value; provide for punishment of counterfeiting; establish post offices and roads, promote progress of science, create courts inferior to the Supreme Court, define and punish piracies and felonies, declare war, raise and support armies, provide and maintain a navy, make rules for the regulation of land and naval forces, provide for the militia, arm and discipline the militia, exercise exclusive legislation in Washington D. C, and make laws necessary to execute the powers of Congress. Judiciary: Judicial power is exercised by the judicial branch (or judiciary), comprised of the Supreme Court and lower federal courts. The function of the judiciary is to interpret the United States Constitution as well as the federal laws and regulations. This includes resolving disputes between the executive and legislative branches. The highest court is the Supreme Court of the United States. The court deals with matters pertaining to the Federal Government, disputes between states, and interpretation of the United States Constitution, and can declare legislation or executive action made at any level of the government as unconstitutional, nullifying the law and creating precedent for future law and decisions. Below the Supreme Court are the courts of appeals, and below them in turn are the district courts, which are the general trial courts for federal law. Separate from, but not entirely independent of, this federal court system are the individual court systems of each state, each dealing with its own laws and having its own judicial rules and procedures. The supreme court of each state is the final authority on the interpretation of that state’s laws and constitution. A case may be appealed from a state court to the U. S. Supreme Court only if there is a federal question (an issue arising under the U. S. Constitution, or laws/treaties of the United States). The relationship between federal and state laws is quite complex; together, they form the law of the United States. The federal judiciary consists of the Supreme Court of the United States, whose justices are appointed for life by the President and confirmed by the Senate, and various â€Å"lower† or â€Å"inferior courts,† among which are the United States Courts of Appeals and the United States District Courts. There are other courts, such as the bankruptcy courts and the tax court, which are specialized courts handling only certain kinds of cases. The judicial power extends to cases arising under the Constitution, an Act of Congress, or a treaty of the United States; cases affecting ambassadors, ministers, and consuls of foreign countries in the United States. The Constitution safeguards judicial independence by providing that federal judges shall hold office â€Å"during good behavior†. Usually they serve until they die, retire, or resign. A judge who commits an offense while in office may be impeached in the same way as the President or other officials of the federal government. The power of the federal courts extends both to civil actions for damages and other redress, and to criminal cases arising under federal law. A constitutional provision prohibits Congress from reducing the pay of any judge—Congress could enact a new lower salary applying to future judges, but not to those already serving. Conclusion: In the united states there exist a system of separation of powers (this is a political doctrine under which the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government are kept distinct, to prevent abuse of power). Through a system of separation of powers or â€Å"checks and balances,† each of these branches has some authority to act on its own, some authority to regulate the other two branches, and has some of its own authority, in turn, regulated by the other branches. In addition, the powers of the federal government as a whole are limited by the Constitution. This system of checks and balances is what has enabled the three branches to co-exist together. References: Seymour Martin Lipset (2003), First New Nation (Ppr): The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective, Transaction Publishers, U. S. The official United States website, retrieved on 28th April 2007, available at: www. usa. gov/ Web article, United States history, retrieved on 28th April 2007, available at: www. wikipedia. org/wiki/U. S. _government Web article, Politics of the United States, retrieved on 28th April 2007, available at: www. wikipedia. org/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States How to cite American Revolutionary War, Papers

Information Divide between Urban and Rural Territories in Australia

Executive Summary The report provides the analysis and discussion of the issue associated with the information divide between the urban and rural territories in Australia. The discussion of the issue is based on defining the concept of information or digital divide in the global context and with references to the situation in Australia.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Information Divide between Urban and Rural Territories in Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The report investigates the information divide as the global issue and as the problem influencing the development of the Australian society and economy because of the factor of geographical location. According to the report findings, the information divide between the urban and rural territories is a result of the drawbacks in the supportive infrastructure to provide the Internet and mobile connections in the rural territories, and it is the effect of the inappropriate policies related to the Internet connection costs in these regions. The current policies used by the Australian government to improve the situation contribute to the increase of possibilities for the metropolitan areas’ progress because there are appropriate basics for the further improvement of information and communication technologies in the urban regions. There are recommendations presented in the report to improve the system of the government’s investments in the industry and to change the policies in relation to the promotion of the access to the information and communication technologies. Introduction In the context of intensive globalisation processes, the issue of information or digital divide acquires a new meaning because the flows of information and the effective communication channels can influence the development of economy and society at the global and national levels significantly. An information divide can be defined as a kind of i nequality between different groups of population in relation to their access to definite technologies known today as information and communication technologies. This divide can be classified according to several parameters such as age, gender, location, and others. The geographical location plays an important role in discussing the aspects of the information divide because the people’s possibilities to use computers and their access to the Internet or mobile connection depend on the persons’ location (Rowena 2003). The issue of information divide between rural and urban territories is typical for many countries, including such a developed country as Australia. Thus, in spite of the increased role of information and communication technologies in the social and economic life of the Australians, the information divide between the rural and urban territories is observed with references to supportive infrastructure and priorities in the national development plan.Advertising Looking for report on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Discussion of the Information Divide Issue in Relation to Australian Urban and Rural Territories The concept of the information divide in the global context Today, the access to information and communication technologies is the necessary condition for the development in all the industries and markets while focusing on the spheres of social life, economy, and business. The global economic chains develop depending on the principles of speed, flexibility, and innovation, and the progress in the Internet and mobile technologies can respond to these demands. Any processes which are associated with modernisation and industrialisation depend on the progress of information technologies, and these changes in the economic life of the world population are also connected with the alternations in the social life. Thus, persons’ success as professionals and active par ticipants of the society’s life is also based on their access to information and communication technologies because of the possibilities not only to receive the necessary information but also interact within the information flow (Korpela, Montealegre, Poulymenakou 2003). Furthermore, the usage of computers and other technologies also facilitate companies’ productivity and contribute to the firms’ performance. However, the progress in information and communication technologies affects the development of the information divide issue because it is rather difficult to guarantee the equal access of all the population’s categories to the information flow. It is important to note that differences in the possibilities of the African populations and representatives of the Western countries to receive the access to the Internet are obvious because of the governments’ positions and the levels of the economic development. Thus, the factor of geographical posi tion plays an important role to discuss the question. Moreover, to focus on the issue at the national level, it is necessary to refer to the divide between the urban and rural territories. The differences in the educational levels and social progress observed at the urban and rural territories are significant to state that the abilities of the populations to use the information technologies are also important along with the provided access to the technologies and developed infrastructure (Graham 2002). Furthermore, â€Å"the rural/urban divide appears to be more accentuated the more sophisticated the technology is† (United Nations 2009, p. 49). Facing such barriers as the weak supportive infrastructure and the lack of knowledge to use computers or mobile phones appropriately, the representatives of rural territories experience difficulties with their access to the information and communication technologies, and the discussed information divide increases. To contribute to the public’s connectivity at the national level, it is necessary to pay attention to all the associated factors.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Information Divide between Urban and Rural Territories in Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The information divide between the rural and urban territories in Australia To understand the situation in Australia which is related to the digital divide, it is necessary to focus on the connection of processes with the development of the Australian economy and society. Rural regions can be discussed as less connected in comparison with the urban territories because of the low development of the associated infrastructure and the lack of the necessary skills to use all the provided opportunities related to information and communication technologies (Black Atkinson 2007). Today, the Australians use the Internet connection, digital TV, and mobile phones actively, but the numbers are different in relation to rural and urban territories. Thus, in 2009, more than 75% of the Australians living in the urban territories had the access to the Internet connection, and 65% of the Australians from the rural territories could also use the Internet (Figure 1; Lee 2011). Thus, the digital divide between the rural and urban territories can be measured in relation to the difference in 10%, and it is expected that the digital divide will decrease with the further progress of the information and communication technologies. The reasons for the development of such tendencies are in the social and economic demands. The costs of the Internet connection in the rural territories of Australia are higher because of the necessity to support the infrastructure outside the metropolitan areas more actively. This factor can affect the people’s choice related to the usage of computers and Internet connection. Furthermore, although today farmers and businessmen in the rural territories of Australia are inclined to use information and communication technologies and the authorities invest in these operations, the evidences support the fact that large enterprises oriented to the use of such technologies more actively (Meshur 2012). However, the government’s investments to change the situation in the rural regions regarding the digital divide remain to be the important part of the budget. From this point, the uneven distribution of the digital resources between the rural and urban territories is characterised for the Australian society. The citizens living at the rural territories have the unequal access to the information and communication technologies because of the unreliable connection and weak infrastructure (Willis Tranter 2006). Thus, the geographic isolation of definite remote rural territories influences the progress of these regions negatively due to the absence of potential advantages to provide the expensive Internet connection in these regions.Advertising Looking for report on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 1. The Digital Geographic Divide in Australia (1998-2009) (Lee 2011). Discussion of the Issue’s Effects It is possible to discuss the economy of Australia as depending on the advantages of the information and communication technologies because the speedy flow of knowledge and information is necessary today to influence the progress of enterprises at the national level and at the global arena. That is why, the weaknesses related to the Internet connection costs and quality of the services provided along with the supported infrastructure can affect the development of the firms located at the rural territories significantly (Willis Tranter 2006). The intensified division of the society into privileged and non-privileged groups in relation to the access to the information technologies is also discussed as the negative effect of the developed digital divide. The problem is in the fact that it is rather difficult to overcome the gap immediately, and it can increase in corr elation to the improvement of the situation in the urban territories. The effects of the poor Internet or mobile connection can influence the business communication between the companies negatively. It is important to refer to this factor while discussing the role of the effective information and communication technologies for the progress of economy and business. As a result, the digital divide directly affects the progress of the society and discussion of the metropolitan areas in Australia as commercial or business centres (Gibson 2003). In spite of the fact that rural territories are perceived as attractive for the development of the Internet and mobile connection, the real situation in the regions can be discussed as the barrier to the potential improvement. Recommendations to Overcome the Information Divide To cope with the digital gap in Australia in relation to the difference between the rural and urban territories, it is necessary to encourage the further investments in th e industry to improve the infrastructure in the remote regions of the country. It is also possible to propose changes for the activities of the companies which are promoters of the Internet in the rural territories in order to decrease the costs and stimulate the partnership between public and private parties (Cocklin Dibden 2005). The government should focus on the equal promotion of innovative technologies in all the spheres and industries in Australia without references to the rural or urban territories because the concentration on improving the information and communication technologies only in the urban territories leads to deepening the gap (Meshur 2012). More attention should be paid to the improvement of the situation with the home access to the Internet along with the general access of enterprises to the innovative information technologies. Reference List Black, M Atkinson, J 2007, Addressing the digital divide in rural Australia. Web. Cocklin, C Dibden, J 2005, Sustain ability and change in rural Australia, UNSW Press, Australia. Gibson, C 2003, ‘Digital Divides in NSW: a research note on socio-spatial inequality using 2001 Census data on computer and Internet technology’, Australian Geographer, vol. 34. no. 2, pp. 239-257. Graham, S 2002, ‘Bridging urban digital divides? Urban polarisation and information and communications technologies (ICTs)’, Urban Studies, vol. 39. no. 1, pp. 33– 56. Korpela, M, Montealegre, R, Poulymenakou, A 2003, Organizational information systems in the context of globalization, Springer, USA. Lee, D 2011, ‘The digital divide: the Australian Government’s role in addressing ‘ability’’, Telecommunications Journal of Australia, vol. 61. no. 2, pp. 251-272. Meshur, F 2012, ‘Telecenters as an information technology tool for development in urban and rural areas’, International Journal of Arts Sciences, vol. 5. no. 1, pp. 385–398. Rowena, C 2 003, ‘The digital divide: A global and national call to action’, The Electronic Library, vol. 21. no. 3, pp. 247-260. United Nations 2009, Information economy report 2009: trends and outlook in turbulent times, United Nations Publications, USA. Willis, S Tranter, B 2006, ‘Beyond the ‘digital divide’: internet diffusion and inequality in Australia’, Journal of Sociology, vol. 42. no. 1, pp. 43-59. This report on Information Divide between Urban and Rural Territories in Australia was written and submitted by user Isabell Wilkinson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Qué es el programa de Comunidades Seguras

Quà © es el programa de Comunidades Seguras Comunidades Seguras es un programa del gobierno federal de colaboracià ³n con autoridades locales y estatales para identificar inmigrantes para proceder a su remocià ³n inmediata de los Estados Unidos o al inicio de un procedimiento de deportacià ³n. Las razones por las que el migrante puede verse en ese problema pueden ser variadas, desde estar en el paà ­s como indocumentado a haber cometido violaciones migratorias o delitos o  faltas penales. En este artà ­culo se explica cà ³mo funciona este programa, por quà © tiene fieros defensores y crà ­ticos, cul es la relacià ³n de Comunidades Seguras con las ciudades santuario y quà © se puede hacer. Cmo funciona el programa Comunidades Seguras El funcionamiento es realmente sencillo. En Estados Unidos cuando una persona es arrestada o detenida se le toman las huellas digitales, conocidas en algunos paà ­ses como dactilares. A continuacià ³n esa informacià ³n se le envà ­a al FBI. El FBI las compara contra varias bases de datos, por ejemplo, IAFIS, donde estn fichadas personas con pasado delictivo. Adems, las compara con bases de datos de otras agencias como IDENT, del Departamento de Seguridad Interna (DHS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) en la que se guarda toda la informacià ³n disponible sobre inmigrantes, sobre criminales y sobre personas consideradas terroristas o sospechosas de serlo. Asimismo, tambià ©n se comparan esas huellas dactilares con la base de datos  de los oficiales de migracià ³n, como por ejemplo US-VISIT, con las que controlan los  pasos fronterizos terrestres, puertos y aeropuertos. Si el resultado es que la persona es inmigrante y tiene rà ©cord criminal o una orden de deportacià ³n pendiente o se sospecha que est en el paà ­s ilegalmente entonces se considera que se produce un  ¨hit ¨. Aclarar que se puede creer que una persona est como indocumentada tanto porque no aparece rà ©cord de su ingreso legal y se cree que es extranjera o porque es evidente que ingresà ³ legalmente pero no ha salido a tiempo.   Si se produce ese  ¨hit ¨, es decir, una coincidencia de interà ©s para Inmigracià ³n, entonces el FBI lo notifica tanto a la autoridad que tiene a la persona arrestada o detenida como al Centro de Apoyo para el Cumplimiento de la Ley (LESC, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), que es un departamento dentro de ICE. A partir de ahà ­, ICE analiza la situacià ³n y decide, segà ºn lo que considere prioritario, quà © hacer. Puede decidir emitir un detainer, tambià ©n conocido como hold. Esto quiere decir que se solicita que se retenga al detenido por 48 horas ms a partir del dà ­a que deba ser liberado, con el objetivo de darle tiempo al ICE de hacerse cargo. En ese plazo de 48 horas no se incluyen sbados, domingos ni feriados. Adems, en la actualidad los detainer van acompaà ±ados de una orden (warrant, por su nombre en inglà ©s), que pueden ser de dos clases: para remocià ³n/deportacià ³n o para arresto. A partir de ahà ­, si la autoridad que recibe el detainer decide cumplirlo, entregar al detenido a las autoridades migratorias, que segà ºn el caso, procedern a su deportacià ³n inmediata o iniciarn  un procedimiento judicial de deportacià ³n. Argumentos a favor y en contra de Comunidades Seguras Los defensores de este programa consideran que es una gran herramienta para deportar a migrantes, particularmente los que tienen un historial como  criminales violentos.   Sin embargo, un estudio de Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse de la Universidad de Syracuse argumenta que en la actualidad no hay datos pà ºblicos de cuntos detainers se emiten y que no est nada claro cuntos son causa de deportacià ³n. Es ms, aseguran que solamente un porcentaje mà ­nimo de las deportaciones tienen su origen en un detainer emitido dentro del marco de Comunidades Seguras. Entre los argumentos en contra de Comunidades Seguras se citan, entre otros, que rompe la confianza entre la policà ­a y la comunidad y hace que muchos delitos no se reporten. Adems, se afirma que da lugar a la deportacià ³n elevada de inmigrantes con rà ©cord criminal limpio, cuyo à ºnico problema es que estn en el paà ­s como indocumentados. Finalmente, tambià ©n se aduce que Comunidades Seguras es un gasto excesivo para las municipalidades. Lo cierto es que este programa ha tenido un historial conflictivo. Fue creado en el aà ±o 2008 por el presidente George W. Bush en el condado de Harris en Texas y de ahà ­ se extendià ³ progresivamente por todo el paà ­s, incluidos sus territorios como por ejemplo Puerto Rico, bajo el mandato de Obama. Bajo ese presidente se establecieron prioridades en su aplicacià ³n y, finalmente, se suspendià ³ su aplicacià ³n. Sin embargo, la llegada de Donald Trump a la Casa Blanca supuso su activacià ³n mediante orden ejecutiva del 25 de enero de 2017. En la actualidad sigue siendo un programa muy criticado, que causa miedo entre la comunidad migrante y que ha dado lugar a oposicià ³n de municipios e incluso estados en la forma de lo que se conoce como ciudades santuario. Qu son las ciudades santuario y cmo se relacionan con el programa Comunidades Seguras Uno de los temas migratorios ms controvertidos y debatidos en los Estados Unidos es el de las ciudades santuario, a las que sus crà ­ticos acusan de no cumplir con las leyes migratorias.   Para entender este asunto lo primero es saber de quà © realmente se est hablando. Hay que partir de que no hay una definicià ³n legal de lo que es una ciudad santuario, pero puede entenderse como tal a aquella  jurisdiccià ³n -estado, condado o ciudad, que limita su colaboracià ³n con las autoridades federales en materia de inmigracià ³n. Ese là ­mite puede estar declarado pà ºblicamente o puede ser algo que simplemente ocurre, es decir, es un asunto informal. En cuanto a las formas que puede tomar la falta de colaboracià ³n, à ©stas pueden ser muy variadas. Por ejemplo, la prohibicià ³n de que un funcionario pà ºblico municipal pregunte sobre el estatus migratorio de una persona. Otro ejemplo comà ºn es el de no compartir informacià ³n sobre datos en los que conste la situacià ³n de indocumentado de un migrante como es el caso de la Ciudad de Nueva York que no comparte lo que sabe sobre los solicitantes del I.D. de la ciudad. Pero quiz el ejemplo ms conocido y el que levanta ms crà ­ticas y que est directamente relacionado con el programa de Comunidades Seguras  es el de no cumplir con las peticiones de deteiners que emite el ICE solicitando a otra jurisdiccià ³n que retenga, por un plazo de 48 horas, a un migrante que tiene arrestado o detenido por otro asunto no relacionado con temas migratorios. Algunas ciudades santuario incumplen los deteiners siempre mientras que otras los ejecutan cuando el objeto del deteiner es un inmigrante con un delito en su rà ©cord.   En la actualidad, segà ºn el Inmigrant Legal Resource Center, hay ms de 300 jurisdicciones que en algà ºn grado pueden ser consideradas como ciudades santuario y han sido amenazadas con la retirada de fondos federales, en particular de subvenciones del Departamento de Justicia. Sin embargo, no es seguro de que se pueda aplicar este castigo y en la fecha en la que se escribe este artà ­culo est inmerso en una batalla legal de la que se desconoce cà ³mo puede finalizar. Qu se puede hacer Lo cierto es que estamos viviendo una à ©poca que causa gran ansiedad entre la comunidad migrante. Los residentes permanentes deberà ­an considerar convertirse en ciudadanos mediante naturalizacià ³n y evitar cualquier tipo de problemas que pueden dar lugar a su deportacià ³n. Los extranjeros con visa deben conocer los tà ©rminos de la misma y evitar violaciones migratorias. Y en cuanto a los migrantes indocumentados deben informarse sobre si existe alguna posibilidad real para arreglar su situacià ³n, deben conocer sus derechos si son parados por la autoridad y no mostrar ninguna documentacià ³n que pueda dar lugar a revelar que estatus, como por ejemplo la matrà ­cula consular. Finalmente, es siempre aconsejable que tengan a mano el telà ©fono de un abogado migratorio u organizacià ³n de apoyo a inmigrantes de confianza para comunicarse en el caso de problemas. Estar informados es siempre la mejor arma para estar preparados, defender los derechos que se tienen y evitar ser và ­ctimas de fraude por parte de personas inescrupulosas que toman ventaja de la situacià ³n de miedo en la que muchos migrantes viven en la actualidad. Este artà ­culo es informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso en particular.

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